E12

Top-down & Bottom-up processing

Top-down & Bottom-up processing
Production of spoken discourse
Language knowledge
Speaking strategies
BOTTOM-UP
Pragmatics
TOP-DOWN
Knowledge of presupposition & context
Social knowledge (style)
Speaker`s intention
metacognition
Macro-skills
Micro-skills
OUTPUT (production)
a 2-minute talk on a topic (our modern house in the future)
Pre-speaking (Unit 8 – FUTURE LIFE) Intensive
Background knowledge of our future modern house
< listening task
Speakers` Intention / L. Function
Speaker A: give a talk, explain or clarify ideas
Speaker B: interrupt and ask for clarification
Language: intonation (questions when interrupting speaker)
Strategy:
expressions (interrupting & returning to the topic)
cohesive device (firstly, secondly,.)
fillers (well, really, OK,.)
C. Teaching steps: PPP vs. TBL
PPP < Audiolingualism (mid 1960s)
=> useful in focus-on-form lessons (e.g. grammar)
=> attacked in the 1990s: teacher-centered; Ss learn in "straight" lines
Presentation Practice Production
no knowledge

providing knowledge

practice

production

=> different from human lang. learning
Task-based learning / instruction
=> learning process < a set of communicative tasks
=> focus on tasks, not structures
=> Ss learn by solving a problem / doing a task
=> student-centered
=> a kind of PPP upside down
PPP variations & alternatives
T. and Ss can decide at which stage to enter the procedure

1
PPP variations & alternatives
=> Trilogy E – S – A
2
Engage = ss’ commitment < T’s initiative
Study = language adoption
Activate = use of language knowledge to do sth.
Trilogy => useful in a skill lesson
=> focus-on-form occurs naturally while ss hear or read, i.e. Ss analyze their own language use AFTER a communicative task
PPP variations & alternatives
=> Trilogy E – S – A
Straight arrows lesson procedure
=> ESA, much like PPP
Boomerang lesson procedure
=> EAS, more task-based
PPP variations & alternatives
=> Trilogy E – S – A
Patchwork lesson procedure
=> A variety of sequences
1
2
3
4
5
6
D. Teaching speaking
Unit 6: FUTURE JOBS
PART B - SPEAKING

Teacher: HOANG THI HANH
D. Teaching speaking
Unit 4: SCHOOL EDUCATION SYSTEM
PART B - SPEAKING

Teacher: DAO THI THANH TRANG
FACILITATING
SPEAKING TASKS
COMMON TACTICS
Provide more language input
Elicit more clues
Personalize the contents
Reduce the workload
Adapt instructions
Combine tasks
Rearrange tasks
PROVIDE MORE LANGUAGE INPUT
Revise old vocabulary and structures
Unit 4 – Education – Task 3: revise structures to talk about similarities and differences
Provide words and expressions
Unit 7 – Economic reforms – Task 2: what verbs to be used with each content
ELICIT MORE CLUES
Make students talk about specific things
Unit 6: Future job – Task 2: What do you like/ don’t like about each job
Salary: how much is high enough?
Location: home town or a far-away city?
Unit 8: Life in the future – Task 2: Predictions about the future
Developments of science and technology: people landing on Mars; talking robots, intelligent house, etc.
PERSONALIZE THE CONTENTS
Bring out students’ previous knowledge
Make teaching contents age-specific
Utilize students’ imagination
Unit 16 – ASEAN– Task 2: What else do you know about these countries?
Unit 7 – Economic Reforms – Task 2: What changes do you want to see in school?
Unit 8: Life in the Future – Task 2: Allow students to make wild predictions (fashion, transport…)
REDUCE THE WORKLOAD
Unit 7 – Economic Reforms – Task 2 Each group is in charge of one field only
Group 1: Ministry of Education
Group 2: Ministry of Health
Group 3: Ministry of Agriculture
ADAPT INSTRUCTIONS
Adapt instructions = Make it easier to understand
Unit 15 – Woman in Society – Task 2: Read and respond = What do you think of…?
Adapt instructions = Adjust requirements
Unit 1 – Home Life – Task 1
REARRANGE TASKS
Move from easier task to more challenging task
Unit 2 – Cultural Diversity – Do Task 2 & 3 before Task 1
COMBINE TASKS
Unit 11 – Books – Task 1 + 3, Task 2 + 4

03/8/2008

8h00-8h15: Giới thiệu phương pháp dạy LISTENING
8h15-9h15: Problems # Solutions (LISTENING)
9h30-10h15: Xem tiết dạy LISTENING
10h15-10h40: Xem Video clip 1
10h40-11h00: Nhận xét