THỂ THỤ ĐỘNG
(THE PASSIVE VOICE)

* Thể chủ động (active voice) là cách đặt câu mà chủ từ đóng vai trò chủ động.
- Mr. Brown wrote the report yesterday.
- He has already finished his homework.
* Thể thụ động (passive voice) là cách đặt câu mà chủ từ đóng vai trò bị động.
- That house was built 100 years ago.
- Those windows are painted blue.

( Passive sentence : S + be + past participle

1/ Hãy quan sát ví dụ sau :
* Active : Tom broke the chair yesterday.
S V O
* Passive : The chair was broken by Tom yesterday.
S be + P.P by doer

2/ Ghi nhớ: Cách đổi một câu từ active sang passive :
* Lấy túc từ (O) trong câu chủ động xuống làm chủ từ (S) trong câu thụ động.
* Nhận xét xem động từ chia trong câu chủ động ở thì nào, ta chia TO BE ở thì đó rồi viết động từ chính ở dạng quá khứ phân từ (p.p).
* Lấy chủ từ (S) trong câu chủ động xuống làm doer trong câu thụ động, nhớ viết BY ngay đằng trước.
* Trạng từ giữ nguyên không đổi và thường đặt cuối câu (nếu là trạng từ chỉ thời gian).

3/ Một vài ví dụ khác :

+ (a) simple present : [Subject+ am / is / are + P.P ]
- Mr.Green teaches history.
( History is taught by Mr.Green.

+ (b) present perfect : [ S + has / have + been + p.p ]
- He has just done his homework.
( His homework has just been done by him.

+ (c) present continuous : [ S + am / is / are / + being + p.p]
- She is cleaning the windows.
( The windows are being cleaned by her.

+ (d) simple past : [ S + was / were + p.p]
- The boss sacked ten workers.
( Ten workers were sacked by the boss.

+ (e) past perfect : [ S + had been + p.p]
- Mary had written the letter.
( The letter had been written by Mary.

+ (f) Past continuous : [ S + was / were + being + p.p]
- The police were questioning Tom.
( Tom was being questioned by the police.

+ (g) simple future: [ S + will / shall + be + p.p]
- John will deliver the letter.
( The letter will be delivered by John.

+ (h) Modal verbs : [ S + must / can / may … + be + p.p]
- He must do it right now.
( It must be done by him right now.

+ (i) special structures : [ S + is / are going to + be + p.p]
- The engineers are going to build the bridge.
( The bridge is going to be built by the engineers.
(… còn áp dụng với các cấu trúc khác như : have to, had to, used to, ought to …)

+ (j) 2 objects :
- They gave me a present yesterday.
( I was given a present yesterday(by them).
( A present was given to me yesterday(by them).
(Nếu sau BY là them / people / someone / somebody…ta có thể bỏ đi)

+ (k) perception verb with bare infinitive : [ S + be – p.p + to inf ]
- I never hear him shout at his children.
( He is never heard to shout at his children.

+ (l) perception verb with present partciple : [ S + be – p.p + V-ing ]
- I saw the boy coming into the room.
( The boy was seen coming into the room.

+ (m) With ‘make’ : [ S + be – made + to inf ]
- They made me do it.
( I was made to do it.

+ (n) With ‘let’ : [ S + be – let + bare inf ]
- They let him do it.
( He was let do it.

+ (o) With ‘begin or start’: [ S + begin / start + to be + p.p ]
- They began to build the house in 1980.
( The house began to be built in 1980.

+ (p)