Reported speech

A. Câu phát biểu
- He said : “ I have lost my pen this morning.”
( He said that he had lost his pen that morning.
- She said to him: “I will go with you tomorrow.”
( She told him that she would go with him the next day.
Ghi nhớ : muốn đổi một câu trực tiếp sang câu gián tiếp, ta phải :
+ Giữ nguyên động từ giới thiệu said hoặc đổi said to thành told nếu có túc từ.
+ Thay đổi đại từ nhân xưng, tính từ sở hữu… Ngôi thứ 1(I/we/me/my..) đổi thành ngôi thứ như chủ từ(subject)ở mệnh đề chính. Ngôi thứ 2 (you/your)đổi thành ngôi thứ của túc từ. Ngôi thứ 3(he/she/they..) giữ nguyên không đổi.
+ Thay đổi thì của động từ trong câu : bằng cách cho lùi về quá khứ một bậc.
Direct speech Reported speech
- simple present ( - simple past
- present cont ( - past continuous
- present perfect ( - past perfect
- simple past ( - past perfect
- past continuous ( - past perfect continuous
- present per.cont ( - past perfect continuous
- simple future ( - present conditional (should/would)
- past perfect ( - past perfect
- perfect conditional ( - unchanged (không )
+ Thay gian &à .
- now ( - then
- today / tonight ( - that day / that night
-tonight ( - that night
- tomorrow ( - the following day / the next day
- yesterday ( - the previous day / the day before
- next week / month… ( - the following week / month…
- last week /month… ( - the week before /the month before…
- the day before yesterday ( - two days before
- the day after tomorrow ( - in two days’ time
- ago ( - before
- tomorrow morning ( - the following morning
- last Tuesday ( - the Tuesday before
- right now ( - at once
- here ( - there
- this / these ( - that / those
- He said : “ I’ll come here to take this book.”
( He said that he would come there to take that book.
- They said to us : “You must do this work right now.”
( They told us that we had to do that work at once.

* Khi câu động từ giới thiệu ở hiện tại đơn, thì của động từ trong câu gián tiếp không đổi và các từ chỉ thời gian hoặc nơi chốn vẫn giữ nguyên.
- The doctor says to her : “You will have to stay here until tomorrow.”
( The doctor tells her that she will have to stay here until tomorrow.
B Câu hỏi
- She said to me : “Do you like swimming ?”
( She asked me if/whether I liked swimming.
- Tom said : “Has she finished her home work ?”
( Tom wanted to know if she had finished her homework.
- He asked me : “Why did you come home so late last night?”
( He asked me why I had come home so late the night before.
- Mary said : “ What’s he doing now?”
( Mary wondered what he was doing then.
Ghi : Đổi said thành asked + object, wondered hay wanted to know
C Câu mệnh lệnh
- The teacher said : “Go to the blackboard, John.”
( The teacher told John to go to the blackboard.
- He said to them : “Don’t be late tomorrow.”
( He told them not to be late the next day.
Ghi nhớ : Đổi said hay said to thành told hay asked + Object.
+ Dùng to để thay thế cho dấu hai chấm và ngoặc kép khi là câu mệnh lệnh xác định và dùng not to khi là câu mệnh lệnh phủ định.

Tóm tắt
 Câu gián tiếp (reported speech)

Statements
(Câu phát biểu)
 * S + said + (that) + clause
* S + told + O + (that) + clause

Commands
(Câu mệnh lệnh)
 * S + told + O + to infinitive
* S + told + O + not + to infinitive


Wh-questions
(Câu hỏi nội dung)
 * S + asked + (O) + wh-… + clause
* S + wondered + wh-… + clause
* S + wanted to know + wh-… + clause


Yes-no questions