Liên từ (conjunctions)
LIÊN TỪ
(Conjunctions)
 
1. Định nghĩa: Liên từ là từ dùng để nối các từ loại, cụm từ hay mệnh đề.
 
2. Phân loại: Liên từ được chia làm hai loại chính:
            a. Đẳng lập (song song):
            Dùng loại liên từ này để nối những các từ loại hoặc cụm từ/ nhóm từ cùng một loại, hoặc những mệnh đề ngang hàng nhau (tính từ với tính từ, danh từ với danh từ ...):
Ví dụ:
He and I are students.
She is beautiful and kind.
They are learning to read and write.
 
            b. Liên từ phụ thuộc:
            Loại liên từ phụ thuộc nối kết các nhóm từ, cụm từ hoặc mệnh đề có chức năng khác nhau - mệnh đề phụ với mệnh đề chính trong câu.
 
3. Những liên từ Đẳng lập (song song):
            Những liên từ Đẳng lập gồm:
AND               
            Ví dụ:               She is a good and loyal wife.
                                    I have many books and notebooks.      
                       
BOTH ... AND
            Ví dụ:               She is both good and loyal.
                                    They learn both English and French.
 
AS WELL AS 
            Ví dụ:               He has experience as well as knownledge.
           
NO LESS THAN       
            Ví dụ:               You no less than he are very rich.
           
NOT ONLY ... BUT (ALSO)
            Ví dụ:               He learns not only English but but (also) Chinese.
                                    I like playing not only tennis but (also)  football.
OR
            Ví dụ:               Hurry up, or you will be late.
           
EITHER...OR
            Ví dụ:               He isn`t either good or kind.
                                    I don`t have either books or notebooks.
 
NEITHER ... NOR
            Ví dụ:               He drinks neither wine nor beer.
                                    She has neither husband nor children.
 
BUT
            Ví dụ:               He is intelligent but very lazy.
                                    She is ugly but hard-working. 
 
THEN
            Ví dụ:               You have eaten nothing; then you must be very hungry.
                                    The plant looks very faded; then it hasn`t been watered for long.
 
CONSEQUENTLY
            Ví dụ:   You didn`t work hard for this term; consequently, he failed the exam.
           
HOWEVER
            Ví dụ:   He is a very lazy student; however, he can pass all the exams easily.
                        It was raining very hard; however, we went out without umbrellar.  
 
NEVERTHELESS
            Ví dụ:               She studies very hard; nevertheless, she always gets bad marks.
           
STILL, YET
            Ví dụ:               I speak to you peaceably; still/yet you will not listen.
                        She says she does not love me, yet, I still love her.
 
OR, ELSE, OTHERWISE
            Ví dụ:               We have to work hard, or/else/otherwise we will fail the exam.
           
ONLY
            Ví dụ:               Go where you like; only do not stay here.
 
THEREFORE
            Ví dụ:               He violated the traffic signs, therefore he was punished.
 
4. Những liên từ phụ thuộc (chính phụ):
            Những liên từ phụ thuộc:
FOR
            Ví dụ:               He will surely succeed, for (because) he works hard.
           
WHEREAS
            Ví dụ:               He learns hard whereas his friends don`t.          
                                    Wise men love truth whereas fools avoid it.
 
WHILE
            Ví dụ:               Don`t sing while you work.
                                    Don`t talk while you eat.
                                   
            BESIDES, MOREOVER
            Ví dụ:               We have to study hard at school; besides, we must pay attention
                                    to physical exercise.
                                    He stole two watches; moreover, he broke the window.
SO
            Ví dụ:               He is a good teacher; so, he is very popular with students.
                                    It rained very hard; so, we didn`t go out that night.
           
HENCE
            Ví dụ:               I had not money about me; hence I did not buy the book.
                                    He came late; hence, he missed the first part of the lesson.
 
- Liên từ nối mệnh đề (như trạng ngữ):        
            a. Thời gian (Time):
           
AFTER
            Ví dụ:               A man shoud take a little rest, after he has worked hard.
                                    The ship was checked carefully after she had been built.
           
AS
            Ví dụ:               He came her, as the clock struck six.
                                    They left as the bell rang..
 
AS SOON AS
            Ví dụ:               I will phone you as soon as I come home.
                                    They will get married as soon as they finish university.
 
BEFORE
            Ví dụ:               Don`t count your chickens before they are hatchd.
                                       He talks as if he were very wise.
.
            Ví dụ:               He has been very weak, since he was taken sick.
 
AS LONG AS
            Ví dụ:               No one can harm us, as long as we remain friends.
                        I will lend you some money as long as you promise to pay me back.
 
UNTIL
            Ví dụ:               People do not know the value of health until they lose it.
 
WHEN
            Ví dụ:   When you visit this country, you should bring thick winter clothes.
           
WHILE
            Ví dụ:               Make hay while the sun shines.
                                    Step while you dance.
           
            b. Nơi chốn (Places):
            WHERE
            Ví dụ:               The bed room is the best place where I do my homework.
           
           
WHEREVER
            Ví dụ:               His mother follows him wherever he goes.
                                    I will go wherever to find a suitable job for me.
           
            c. Thể cách (Manner):
            AS
            Ví dụ:               Do as I told you to do.
           
AS IF
            Ví dụ:               He talks as if he knew everything about her.
                                    He dances as if he were a professional dancer.
 
            d. So sánh (Comparisons):
AS
            Ví dụ:               He is as tall as his brither.
                                    This bag is as expensive as that one.
 
THAN
            Ví dụ:               She is more beautiful than her sister.
                                    She looks fatter than his friend.
 
            e. Lí do (Reasons):
AS
            Ví dụ:               As it rained very hard, we stopped they games.
           
BECAUSE
            Ví dụ:               We could not pass the test because we didn`t learn hard.
                                    I didn`t meet her because she had left earlier.
 
SINCE
            Ví dụ:               I must go since she has telephoned three times.
 
           
            f. Mục đích (Purposes):
THAT
            Ví dụ:               I work hard that I may succeed in life.
 
SO THAT
            Ví dụ:               We went very early so that we could catch the last bus.
 
IN ORDER THAT
            Ví dụ:               We learn French in order to study in France.
 
            g. Điều kiện (Conditions) :
            IF       
            Ví dụ:               I will phone him if I have his phone number.
           
UNLESS (IF NOT)
            Ví dụ:               You will be late unless you set off now.
                                    Unless you work hard, you will not pass the eams.
           
PROVIDED THAT
            Ví dụ:               I will pardon him provided that he acknowledge his fault.
                                    You can enter the room provided that you have the ticket..
           
IN CASE
            Ví dụ:               You should take an umbrella in case it rains.
                                    Please take a map with you in case (that) you may get lost.
 
            h. Sự tương phản, trái ngược:
            ALTHOUGH, THOUGH, EVEN THOUGH
            Ví dụ:   Though/even though /although it rained hard, I went out with her.    
           
AS
            Ví dụ:               Rich as he is, his isn`t ever happy.
           
EVEN IF
            Ví dụ:               Even if my watch is right, we will be too late.
           
NOT WITH STANDING THAT
            Ví dụ:               He is poor not with standing that he works very hard.